Confounding factors complicate conclusions in aly model

Bacterial translocation in alymphoplasia (aly/aly) mice.

Bacterial translocation (BTL) is defined as the passage of viable bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the organs. This study was to elucidate the roles of Peyer's patches (PPs) and/or mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) in BTL. Alymphoplastic mutant mice and phenotypically normal heterozygous micewere dominantly colonized with streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli and BTL was examined. In P...

Morten Overgaard Confounding Factors in Contrastive Analysis

Several authors within psychology, neuroscience and philosophy take for granted that standard empirical research techniques are applicable when studying consciousness. In this article, it is discussed whether one of the key methods in cognitive neuroscience – the contrastive analysis – suffers from any serious confounding when applied to the field of consciousness studies; that is to say, if th...

Confounding Factors for Hamilton’s Rule

WWC STANDARDS Brief: Confounding Factors

WWC STANDARDS Brief The What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) is an initiative of the U.S. Department of Education’s Institute of Education Sciences. The WWC evaluates research studies that look at the effectiveness of education programs, policies, and practices, which the WWC calls “interventions.” WWC Standards Briefs explain the rules the WWC uses to assess the quality of studies. For more informat...

Correcting for challenging confounding factors

U ni ve rs ity o f C al ifo rn ia , S an D ie go , C A . Hepatic steatosis, the intracellular accumulation of triglycerides (triglyceride fat) in hepatocytes, is a common and often asymptomatic condition. An estimated 20 to 80 million Americans have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFld), which is the most common chronic liver disease in the united States.1 Steatosis is now recognized to play...